protagonist Archives

What’s a Protagonist?

I would define a protagonist as the lead character that you want your reader to emotionally bond with and root for. (Other people might define a protagonist differently, but that’s my working definition.)

By that definition, it sounds to me that you don’t have two protagonists, Dawn, you have none. (If you’re watching the Super Bowl, and you’re rooting for both teams, then you aren’t really rooting for either. Part of the fun of watching a football game is going all in for one team. I can remember a Super Bowl in which my current hometown team played my former hometown team. That was not win-win, it was lose-lose.)

If you connect with a character, you want him or her to succeed. You want to cheer for your character’s victories and moan over their defeats. If you now connect with a second character who wants the first one to lose, then you no longer have a yardstick for what’s good and bad. What’s good for the first is bad for the second, so how are you supposed to feel?

Now I’m sure that a very skilled novelist could write a novel with multiple lead characters and could somehow move the reader to keep switching allegiance from one to the other. But that seems to me to be a lot harder than writing a novel with one clear protagonist.

That seems to me to be a case of 1 + 1 = 1/2.

Are Multiple Protagonists Well Received?

I don’t know that anyone’s done any kind of study on how well received novels are that have “multiple protagonists” (which, by my definition, are novels without a protagonist.)

Invariably, when this kind of question comes up, I hear from objectors who say, “But Author X wrote a novel with multiple protagonists and sold millions!” And invariably, counter-objectors respond, “Yes, but you’re not Author X.” (In some cases, Author X actually wrote a novel with multiple viewpoint characters, not multiple protagonists. Some recent blog posts on this are: Multiple Viewpoint Characters and How Many Viewpoint Characters in Your Novel? and How Do You Decide Who Your Protagonist Is?

I don’t think that I’m good enough to write a novel with “multiple protagonists”. I suspect there aren’t many authors who are.

And that’s why writing teachers generally advise writers to stick with one protagonist.

But I’ll repeat myself: you can write your novel any way you want, as long as it works. Have fun!

What if your protagonist starts acting like a jerk? Should you try to make him or her behave? Or should you change to a different protagonist?

Emily posted this question on my “Ask A Question For My Blog” page:

How can you tell who your protagonist is?

I began writing my novel a couple years ago and I am still incredibly new at writing fiction. I have been kind of all over the place with it and haven’t really had a good method until I found the snowflake method and so far it seems to be the method for me. But I have now come to a new problem and that is that I am wondering if my Protagonist may be misplaced. The story is in the time a bit before the Protestant Reformation and the first disaster is that my “protagonists” wife becomes a Protestant and my protagonist feels obligated because of his values to send her away despite the fact that he loves her to death. Eventually some time later she discovers that she is pregnant with his child and to her her husband gets really upset. For some reasons he doesn’t seem to be very likeable and I am wondering if maybe it sounds like his wife should be the protagonist. Or does he have hope of being likeable if I write it right?

Randy sez: Glad to hear you’re finding the Snowflake Method useful, Emily! I don’t know much about your protagonist, but already I don’t like him. And I suspect most readers won’t like him either. Of course I might change my mind after seeing some of your novel, but as it stands, this guy is a jerk.

So what are you going to do?

As I see it, you’ve got three options:

Change your protagonist’s behavior to be more likeable.
Change your story so the wife is the protagonist/lead character.
Change the story so that your current protagonist remains the lead character but now becomes the antagonist.

In a minute, we’ll look at those three options, but let’s talk first about what a lead character is.

Your Lead Character

Your lead character is the person the story is focused on. Your lead character generally gets the biggest share of the air-time in the story. Your lead character is the person your reader is watching.

Your lead character is usually the protagonist of your story. Usually, but not always.

As an example, in Frederick Forsyth’s novel, The Day of the Jackal, the lead character is a ruthless assassin code-named “the Jackal.” Nobody knows his real name, but a French terrorist organization hires him to assassinate Charles de Gaulle.

The novel tells the story of how the Jackal buys fake ID, gets a brilliantly disguised sniper rifle, crosses the border into France, makes his way to Paris, chooses his killing ground, and …

You’ll have to read the book to find out what happens next. The novel is brilliant and was a major best-seller in its day. I can’t justify calling the Jackal the protatonist of the story. That honor would go to Claude Lebel, the French detective leading the effort to catch the Jackal before he strikes.

But Lebel gets comparatively little air-time. The Jackal gets more of the action than any other player.

So in my view, the Jackal is the lead character and Lebel is the protagonist.

Let’s be clear that usually the lead character is the protagonist. It’s just not an absolute requirement.

That’s why I think you have three options, and not just two.

Now let’s look at those options in a little more detail.

Option 1: Make Your Protagonist More Likeable

Why would you choose this option?

Maybe because when you started writing the story, you liked your protagonist. You thought he had some good qualities that more than balanced out his flaws, and you hoped to write a story with a good redemption theme. That’s very reasonable. We can all think of any number of flawed people who, like Mr. Darcy in Pride & Prejudice, turn out good in the end.

If that’s what you intended, then it sounds like you’ve let your protagonist drift a bit. He’s done things you didn’t intend, or else you intended to show a better justification for those actions.

And if that’s what’s happened to your novel, then the solution is to work through the novel, find the bad things he does, and either soften them, or show his moral dilemma more starkly and give him a stronger reason for making the bad decisions he makes. And then show us the guilt he feels and the efforts he makes to turn things right again.

That could work.

Option 2: Make the Wife Your Protagonist

This could be a lot of work, so why would you want to choose this option?

Maybe because you were actually more in tune with the wife from the beginning, even though you didn’t realize it.

It may be that, all along, your theme has been about repression of women by male authority figures and patriarchal power systems. In a year like this one, that could play extremely well.

It may be that you didn’t realize this was your theme. It may be that the theme developed organically and now you’re seeing that it’s at odds with the story you started telling.

If that’s what’s happened, then it completely makes sense to make the wife the protagonist. You may need to give her more air-time. You may need to rewrite a lot of scenes.

Or it may turn out that you don’t actually have to change very much, if that’s the story you’ve subconsciously been writing all along. Writing a novel has a way of bringing out things from your core that you didn’t know were there.

In any event, this approach could work quite well.

Option 3: Leave Your Lead Character the Same, but Change the Protagonist

This is a lot like option 2. The wife (or some other character) would now be the protagonist, while the lead character remains this cruel man.

Why would you want to choose this option?

Maybe because your novel is about the hidden cruelty in all humans, and you want to take a deep look into evil, using a person who thinks he’s a paragon of virtue. Could play well or play poorly, depending on who your target audience is.

This option might not take that much work. Your lead character has been getting most of the air-time and he gets to keep that. But now you just need to adjust the tone so that your reader empathizes with the wife and watches in increasing horror as the lead character turns more and more to the wrong.

If you take this tack, I’d advise you to write the first scene in the point of view of the actual protagonist. I’d recommend you give the reader a strong emotional attachment to the true protagonist early on. And you’d need to find some compelling reason why your villainish lead character gets most of the air-time. If you can’t find that compelling reason, then this probably isn’t your strongest option. (In The Day of the Jackal, the compelling reason to give the Jackal so many scenes is because he’s really quite a fascinating person, meticulous in his preparations, making it look like a dead certainty that he’s going to succeed. And that makes for a great suspense novel.)

In any event, if you go this route, you’d have a strong novel about the nature of evil.

That could work.

You Have Options; Take Your Pick

So you have several good options, Emily. They all require a bit of work, but any one of them could make a good novel.

You get to decide how you’ll play it.

Make your decision based on who you are, what you value, and what you want to say about life.

Good luck, and have fun!

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